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Algorithm

A step-by-step procedure or set of rules for solving a problem or performing a computation.

API (Application Programming Interface)

A set of protocols that allows different software applications to communicate and interact with one another.

Array

A data structure that stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type.

Asynchronous

A programming model that allows tasks to be initiated and run independently of the main program flow.

Authentication

The process of verifying the identity of a user, device, or system.

Backend

The server-side part of a software application that handles logic, database interactions, and authentication.

Binary

A base-2 number system that uses only two digits, 0 and 1, to represent data.

Boolean

A data type that has one of two possible values: true or false.

Buffer

A region of physical memory storage used to temporarily store data while it is being moved from one place to another.

Cache

A hardware or software component that stores data so future requests for that data can be served faster.

Class

In object-oriented programming, a blueprint or prototype from which objects are created.

Compiler

A program that converts human-readable source code into machine code or bytecode.

Concurrency

The ability of a system to handle multiple tasks or processes simultaneously.

Containerization

The process of packaging software code along with its dependencies to run uniformly across different environments.

Database

An organized collection of data stored and accessed electronically.

Debugging

The process of identifying and removing errors or bugs from computer hardware or software code.

Deployment

All the activities that make a software system available for use.

Encryption

The process of encoding a message or information so that only authorized parties can access it.

Framework

A platform or foundation that provides a standardized way to build and deploy applications.

Frontend

The client-side part of a software application that users interact with directly.

Git

A distributed version control system used for tracking changes in source code during software development.

Hash

A function that converts data of arbitrary size into a fixed-size value, often used for data retrieval and security.

IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

A software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development.

Latency

The time delay between a request for data and the response to that request.

Middleware

Software that acts as a bridge between an operating system or database and applications, or between two different applications.

Normalization

The process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

A programming paradigm based on the concept of 'objects', which can contain data and code.

Open Source

Denoting software for which the original source code is made freely available and may be redistributed and modified.

Parsing

The process of analyzing a string of symbols, either in natural language, computer languages, or data structures.

Protocol

A set of rules or procedures for transmitting data between electronic devices.

Query

A request for data or information from a database or information system.

Recursion

A programming technique where a function calls itself directly or indirectly.

Refactoring

The process of restructuring existing computer code without changing its external behavior.

Repository

A storage location where software packages, code, or data are stored and maintained.

Scalability

The capability of a system, network, or process to handle a growing amount of work.

Server

A computer or device on a network that manages network resources or provides services to other devices.

Syntax

The rules that define the structure of a language, including programming languages.

Terminal

A device or software interface that allows a user to input data to and receive data from a computer.

Thread

The smallest sequence of programmed instructions that can be managed independently by a scheduler.

Variable

A storage location paired with an associated symbolic name, which contains some known or unknown quantity of information.

Virtualization

The act of creating a virtual version of something, such as a hardware platform, OS, storage device, or network resources.

Web Scraping

The process of using bots to extract content and data from a website.

Zero-Day Vulnerability

A software vulnerability that is unknown to those who should be interested in mitigating the vulnerability.

Abscissa

The horizontal coordinate of a point in a plane Cartesian coordinate system.

Absolute Value

The non-negative value of a number without regard to its sign, denoted as |x|.

Algebra

A branch of mathematics dealing with symbols and the rules for manipulating those symbols.

Algorithm

A finite sequence of rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation.

Arithmetic Mean

The sum of a collection of numbers divided by the count of numbers in the collection.

Asymptote

A line such that the distance between the curve and the line approaches zero as one or both of the coordinates tend to infinity.

Axiom

A statement or proposition that is regarded as being established, accepted, or self-evidently true.

Binary Operation

A calculation that combines two elements (called operands) to produce another element of the set.

Calculus

The mathematical study of continuous change, primarily involving derivatives and integrals.

Coefficient

A multiplicative factor in some term of a polynomial, a series, or any expression.

Congruence

A relation between two numbers or geometric figures that have the same size and shape.

Derivative

The rate of change of a function with respect to a variable.

Determinant

A scalar value that is a function of the entries of a square matrix.

Differential Equation

An equation that relates one or more functions and their derivatives.

Eigenvalue

A special set of scalars associated with a linear system of equations, representing the factor by which an eigenvector is scaled.

Exponentiation

A mathematical operation involving two numbers, the base and the exponent or power.

Factorial

The product of all positive integers less than or equal to a given positive integer, denoted by n!.

Function

A relation from a set of inputs to a set of possible outputs where each input is related to exactly one output.

Geometry

A branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space.

Hypotenuse

The longest side of a right-angled triangle, opposite the right angle.

Integral

The continuous analog of a sum, which is used to calculate areas, volumes, and their generalizations.

Intersection

The set containing all elements that are common to two or more sets.

Limit

The value that a function or sequence approaches as the input or index approaches some value.

Linear Algebra

The branch of mathematics concerning linear equations and their representations through matrices and vector spaces.

Logarithm

The power to which a number must be raised in order to get some other number.

Matrix

A rectangular array or table of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns.

Modulo

An operation that finds the remainder after division of one number by another.

Ordinate

The vertical coordinate of a point in a plane Cartesian coordinate system.

Permutation

The act of arranging all the members of a set into some sequence or order.

Polynomial

An expression consisting of variables and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer exponents.

Probability

The branch of mathematics concerning numerical descriptions of how likely an event is to occur.

Quadratic Equation

A polynomial equation of the second degree, typically in the form $ax^2 + bx + c = 0$.

Scalar

A physical quantity that is completely described by its magnitude.

Set Theory

The branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which are collections of objects.

Slope

A number that describes both the direction and the steepness of a line.

Tangent

A line that touches a curve at a point and has the same slope as the curve at that point.

Topology

The study of those properties of geometric objects that are preserved under continuous deformations.

Trigonometry

The branch of mathematics that studies relationships between side lengths and angles of triangles.

Union

The set containing all elements that are in at least one of the sets being considered.

Vector

A quantity having direction as well as magnitude, especially as determining the position of one point in space relative to another.

Acceleration

The rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time.

Amplitude

The maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on a vibrating body or wave measured from its equilibrium position.

Angular Momentum

The rotational analog of linear momentum, defined as the product of the moment of inertia and angular velocity.

Buoyancy

The upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object.

Capacitance

The ability of a system to store an electric charge per unit of electric potential difference.

Conduction

The process by which heat or electricity is directly transmitted through a substance when there is a difference of temperature or electrical potential.

Diffraction

The process by which a beam of light or other system of waves is spread out as a result of passing through a narrow aperture or across an edge.

Doppler Effect

An increase or decrease in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move toward or away from each other.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.

Entropy

A thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder.

Force

An interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object (mass times acceleration).

Frequency

The number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time.

Gravity

The universal force of attraction acting between all matter.

Inertia

The property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless that state is changed by an external force.

Kinetic Energy

The energy that an object possesses due to its motion, defined as $E_k = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$.

Momentum

The product of the mass and velocity of an object.

Newton's Laws of Motion

Three physical laws that together laid the foundation for classical mechanics.

Optical Refraction

The change in direction of a wave passing from one medium to another caused by its change in speed.

Potential Energy

The energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, or its electric charge.

Quantum Mechanics

The branch of physics that deals with the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles.

Relativity

A theory developed by Albert Einstein, encompassing both special and general relativity, concerning the relationship between space, time, and gravity.

Resistance

A measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit.

Scalar Field

A function that assigns a single scalar value to every point in a space.

Superposition

The principle that when two or more waves overlap in space, the resulting disturbance is the sum of the disturbances of the individual waves.

Thermodynamics

The branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, radiation, and physical properties of matter.

Torque

A twisting force that tends to cause rotation.

Velocity

The rate of change of an object's position with respect to a frame of reference and time.

Wavelength

The distance between successive crests of a wave.

Work

The measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a distance by an external force.

Acid

A substance that donates hydrogen ions (protons) or accepts an electron pair in chemical reactions, typically having a pH less than 7.

Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

Atom

The basic unit of a chemical element, consisting of a nucleus of protons and neutrons with electrons orbiting it.

Atomic Mass

The mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units.

Base

A substance that accepts hydrogen ions (protons) or donates an electron pair, typically having a pH greater than 7.

Bond (Chemical)

A lasting attraction between atoms, ions, or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds.

Catalyst

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.

Compound

A substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Electrolysis

A technique that uses direct electric current to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction.

Electron

A stable subatomic particle with a negative electrical charge, found in all atoms.

Element

A pure substance consisting only of atoms that all have the same numbers of protons in their atomic nuclei.

Endothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings, usually in the form of heat.

Exothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction that releases energy into its surroundings, usually in the form of heat or light.

Ion

An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

Ionic Bond

A type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Isotope

Variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number, and consequently in nucleon number.

Mole

The SI unit for the amount of substance, equal to approximately $6.022 \times 10^{23}$ particles (Avogadro's number).

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound.

Neutron

A subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge.

Oxidation

A process involving the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom, or ion.

Periodic Table

A tabular display of the chemical elements, organized by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.

pH Scale

A scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Proton

A stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge.

Reduction

A process involving the gain of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom, or ion.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances, where a solute is dissolved in a solvent.

Valence Electrons

An outer shell electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond.

Allele

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy carrier in all living organisms, providing energy for cellular processes.

Cell Membrane

The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell, controlling the passage of substances in and out.

Chromosome

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Cytoplasm

The gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell, surrounding the organelles.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

A self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes; the carrier of genetic information.

Enzyme

A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

Eukaryote

An organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus.

Evolution

The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms.

Genotype

The genetic constitution of an individual organism.

Homeostasis

The tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, producing gametes.

Metabolism

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence of an organism.

Nucleus

A dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material.

Organelle

Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

Osmosis

A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.

Phenotype

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.

Prokaryote

A microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles.

Protein Synthesis

The process by which cells make proteins using DNA, RNA, and various enzymes.

Ribosome

A minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells; they function as the sites of protein synthesis.

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

A nucleic acid present in all living cells that acts as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins.

Transcription

The process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).

Translation

The process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins using the information contained in messenger RNA (mRNA).

Automation

The use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services.

CAD (Computer-Aided Design)

The use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design.

Composite Material

A material produced from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties that remain separate and distinct within the finished structure.

Control Systems

A system that manages, commands, directs, or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems using control loops.

Dynamics

The branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of objects under the action of forces.

Efficiency

The ratio of the useful work performed by a machine or in a process to the total energy expended.

Elasticity

The ability of a body to resist a distorting influence or deforming force and to return to its original size and shape when that force is removed.

Factor of Safety

A term describing the load-carrying capacity of a system beyond the expected or actual loads.

Fluid Mechanics

The study of how fluids (liquids and gases) behave and the forces on them.

Kinematics

A branch of mechanics that describes the motion of points, bodies, and systems of bodies without considering the forces that cause them to move.

Load

An external force acting on a structure or component.

Manufacturing

The production of merchandise for use or sale using labor and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation.

Materials Science

The study of the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering.

Mechanism

A device designed to transform an input force and motion into a desired set of output forces and motion.

Optimization

The science of making a system or design as effective or functional as possible within given constraints.

Prototype

An early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process.

Reliability Engineering

A sub-discipline of systems engineering that emphasizes the ability of a system to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period.

Statics

The branch of mechanics that is concerned with the analysis of loads (force and torque) on physical systems in static equilibrium.

Strain

The measure of the deformation of the material representing the displacement between particles in the material body.

Stress

A physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.

Systems Engineering

An interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management that focuses on how to design, integrate, and manage complex systems over their life cycles.

Tensile Strength

The maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking.

Thermodynamics

In engineering, the study of energy conversion and heat transfer in engines, power plants, and cooling systems.

Tolerance

The permissible limit or limits of variation in a physical dimension or measured value.

Torque

The rotational equivalent of linear force, critical in the design of engines, gears, and structural joints.